Nirupama Rao CIVIL SERVICE 1973 TOPPER

Introduction

Nirupama Rao, a distinguished diplomat and former Indian Foreign Secretary, topped the Indian Civil Services Examination in 1973. Her exemplary career in the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) has left an indelible mark on Indian diplomacy. Rao's journey from a young aspirant to a seasoned diplomat highlights her dedication, resilience, and profound impact on India's foreign policy.

Early Life and Education

Nirupama Menon Rao was born on December 6, 1950, in Malappuram, Kerala. Raised in a family that valued education and public service, she imbibed the principles of discipline and determination from an early age. She completed her schooling in various parts of India due to her father's transferable job. Rao's academic journey took her to Mount Carmel College in Bangalore, where she graduated with a degree in English Literature. Her passion for learning and her aspiration to serve the nation led her to pursue higher education at the prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in New Delhi, where she completed her Master's in English Literature.

Colonel P.V.N. Menon, her father, served in the Indian Army. Meempat Narayanikutty, her mother, graduated from Madras University with a Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics with honours in 1947, making her the first female college graduate in her family. Nirmala and Asha, her sisters, work as medical physicians. Nirmala, pursued a career in the Indian Navy, retiring in 2013 as Surgeon Rear Admiral.

Rao attended school in several locations, including Bangalore, Pune, Lucknow, and Coonoor, as a result of her father's occupation. She was the top student at Bangalore University when she earned her BA in English from Mount Carmel College in 1970.In September 1970, she travelled to Japan as part of the youth group from the Mysore government to Expo 70. She continued on to Marathwada University in Maharashtra, where she earned her master's degree in English literature at that time.

Rao entered the Indian Foreign Service in 1973 after winning the All India Civil Services Examination for the Indian Administrative Service as well as the Indian Foreign Service

Journey to Civil Services

Inspired by the ideals of public service and the desire to contribute to India's development, Rao decided to join the civil services. The preparation for the civil services examination was rigorous, requiring immense dedication and hard work. Rao's strategy involved a disciplined study schedule, focus on key subjects, and regular self-assessment. Despite the challenges, her perseverance paid off when she topped the civil services examination in 1973, becoming one of the few women to achieve this feat at the time.

She served in the Indian Embassy in Vienna, Austria from 1976 to 1977 after completing her training at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration in Musoorie. During that time, she also finished her German language studies at the University of Vienna. Rao worked as an Under Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in New Delhi from 1978 to 1981, primarily on the desks for Southern Africa and Nepal, respectively.

Civil Services Examination 1973

The 1973 Civil Services Examination was highly competitive, with thousands of aspirants vying for a limited number of positions. The examination comprised multiple stages, including preliminary tests, main exams, and interviews. Key subjects included General Studies, Indian History, and English Literature, among others. Rao's exceptional performance across these stages showcased her intellectual prowess and deep understanding of diverse subjects.

Career in the Indian Foreign Service

Upon joining the Indian Foreign Service, Rao embarked on a journey that saw her hold various significant positions. Her initial postings included assignments in Vienna and Washington D.C., where she gained valuable experience in international diplomacy. Over the years, she held key positions such as the High Commissioner to Sri Lanka, Ambassador to China, and eventually, the Ambassador to the United States. Each of these roles allowed her to contribute to strengthening India's bilateral relations with these countries.

When Rao succeeded Nirupam Sen as India's first female high commissioner to Sri Lanka in August 2004, she made history. Rao was in charge of the relief efforts initiated by India for the affected areas of Sri Lanka, including the war-torn North and East of the nation, where she visited Jaffna, Batticaloa, and other towns along with relief camps, during the devastating tsunami that struck the country in December 2004.After the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was withdrawn in 1990, the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force were making their maiden trip back to the island nation and played a significant role in the relief efforts. Most notably, the Indian Army is credited with reestablishing transport in Arugam Bay with the deployment of five Bailey Bridges.

The deadly Sichuan earthquake that struck in the summer of 2008, just before the Beijing Olympics, also occurred during Rao's administration. The Indian government then declared that the victims will receive $5 million in relief. Soon after the earthquake, Rao travelled to Chengdu, the epicentre of the tremor, to coincide with the arrival of Indian Air Force planes carrying relief supplies.

Key Diplomatic Assignments:-

Ambassador to the United States

One of Rao's most prominent assignments was her tenure as the Indian Ambassador to the United States from 2011 to 2013. During this period, she played a crucial role in enhancing the strategic partnership between India and the U.S. Her efforts in promoting trade, investment, and cultural exchanges significantly bolstered bilateral ties.

Rao worked as the Indian Embassy's Minister for Press, Information, and Culture in Washington, D.C., from 1993 to 1995 after graduating from Harvard.

High Commissioner to Sri Lanka

Rao's tenure as the High Commissioner to Sri Lanka was marked by her adept handling of sensitive issues, particularly during the post-civil war period in the country. She worked towards fostering peace and reconciliation, contributing to the stabilization of bilateral relations.

Rao was assigned to the Indian High Commission in Sri Lanka in 1981 as First Secretary.Here, she was present during the catastrophic ethnic riots in July 1983, which signalled the start of the civil war in Sri Lanka.

When Rao succeeded Nirupam Sen as India's first female high commissioner to Sri Lanka in August 2004, she made history. Rao was in charge of the relief efforts initiated by India for the affected areas of Sri Lanka, including the war-torn North and East of the nation, where she visited Jaffna, Batticaloa, and other towns along with relief camps, during the devastating tsunami that struck the country in December 2004.After the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was withdrawn in 1990, the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force were making their maiden trip back to the island nation and played a significant role in the relief efforts. Most notably, the Indian Army is credited with reestablishing transport in Arugam Bay with the deployment of five Bailey Bridges.

Contributions to Indian Diplomacy:-

Key Negotiations and Treaties

Rao was instrumental in several key negotiations and treaties that have shaped India's foreign policy. Her expertise and strategic insights were crucial in discussions related to nuclear disarmament, trade agreements, and regional security.

Rao focused on Asia-Pacific security while serving as a Fellow at Harvard University's Weatherhead Centre for International Affairs in 1992–1993. Her work on the topic was awarded the 1994 Bimal Sanyal Prize for the best dissertation an IFS officer had ever written.

Role in Indo-US Relations

Rao's tenure as Ambassador to the United States saw significant advancements in Indo-US relations. She played a pivotal role in the signing of key agreements, fostering collaboration in areas such as defense, technology, and education.

Impact on India’s Foreign Policy

Rao's contributions have had a lasting impact on India's foreign policy. Her emphasis on strategic partnerships, multilateral diplomacy, and regional stability has helped position India as a key player on the global stage.

Rao's appointment as India's Foreign Secretary was extended by the Indian government on December 21, 2010, till July 31, 2011. Rao's stint as Foreign Secretary saw the establishment of the two-year term for Indian Foreign Secretaries.

Awards and Recognitions:-

National and International Honors

Throughout her career, Rao received numerous awards and recognitions for her contributions to diplomacy. These include the S. K. Singh Award for Excellence in the Indian Foreign Service and the Padma Bhushan, one of India's highest civilian honors.

After serving as India's ambassador to the United States till November 2013, Nirupama Rao announced that she would become the 2014 Meera and Vikram Gandhi Fellow in residence at Brown University. Rao spent the year researching Sino-Indian diplomatic ties for her first historical non-fiction book, The Fractured Himalaya: India Tibet China 1949–1962, as well as writing about a few foreign policy topics.

Recognition by Government and Organizations

Rao's achievements have been acknowledged by various governments and international organizations. Her role in promoting peace and stability has earned her accolades from institutions around the world.

The Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund in New Delhi announced in November 2014 that Nirupama Rao has been awarded the esteemed Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship in relation to her study for The Fractured Himalaya.

Contributions to Global Diplomacy

Rao's work has not only benefited India but also contributed to global diplomacy. Her efforts in fostering international cooperation and understanding have been widely recognized and appreciated.

Rao was appointed the George Ball Adjunct Professor for the 2018–19 academic year at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). In 2019, she served as a University of California, San Diego Pacific Leadership Fellow.

Challenges Faced:-

Gender Biases and Overcoming Them

As one of the few women in the Indian Foreign Service during her time, Rao faced gender biases and stereotypes. However, her competence and dedication helped her overcome these challenges, paving the way for future generations of women in diplomacy.

Diplomatic Challenges in Volatile Regions

Rao's postings in regions with volatile political climates presented significant challenges. Her ability to navigate complex situations and mediate conflicts demonstrated her exceptional diplomatic skills.

Balancing Personal and Professional Life

Balancing a demanding career with personal commitments is never easy. Rao's journey involved making significant sacrifices, but her strong support system and determination enabled her to achieve a harmonious balance.

Personal Life:-

Family and Personal Background

Rao's family has been a source of strength and support throughout her career. Married to Sudhakar Rao, a fellow civil servant, she has two sons who have pursued successful careers of their own.

Interests and Hobbies

Outside of her professional life, Rao is an avid reader and a trained classical musician. Her interests in literature and music have provided her with a well-rounded perspective and a source of relaxation amidst her busy schedule.

Balancing Personal and Professional Commitments

Rao's ability to balance her personal and professional commitments is a testament to her organizational skills and support from her family. She has often spoken about the importance of maintaining this balance for overall well-being.

Legacy and Influence:-

Impact on Future Generations

Nirupama Rao's journey has inspired countless young women to pursue careers in diplomacy and civil services. Her achievements serve as a beacon of possibility and determination.

Influence on Women in Civil Services

Rao's success has paved the way for greater representation of women in the civil services. Her story underscores the importance of gender equality and the contributions of women to national development.

Lasting Contributions to Indian Diplomacy

Rao's contributions to Indian diplomacy are lasting and profound. Her strategic insights, dedication to peace, and efforts in fostering international cooperation have left an indelible mark.

Post-Retirement Contributions:-

Engagements in Academia and Think Tanks

After retiring from active service, Rao has continued to contribute to academia and policy think tanks. She has delivered lectures at prestigious institutions and shared her expertise on various platforms.

Public Speaking and Writings

Rao is a prolific writer and public speaker. Her articles, books, and lectures provide valuable insights into international relations, diplomacy, and India's foreign policy.

Continuing Influence on Diplomacy

Even in retirement, Rao's influence on diplomacy continues. She remains an active voice in discussions on global issues and a mentor to aspiring diplomats.

Expert Insights:-

Opinions from Fellow Diplomats

Colleagues and fellow diplomats have often praised Rao's diplomatic acumen and leadership. Her ability to navigate complex negotiations and build strong bilateral relations is widely acknowledged.

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